Symptoms and signs of diabetes

Diabetes is an implicit disease in which observing blood sugar content increases.When digesting food, carbohydrate and protein decomposes into simple sugar and amino acids.The liver converts all sugars and some amino acids into glucose, used as an energy source for each body of the body.Glucose penetrates blood into cells in insulin, hormones produced by the pancreas (an organs of pear -shaped pears under the stomach).Attached to receptors on the cell membrane surface, insulin promotes the advancement of glucose transport proteins from the depth of the cell to its surface, where they are connected to glucose and bring it to the cell.With diabetes, this process occurs a number of noise: the production of insulin with the pancreas may be partially or completely disturbed or the body of the body may not be able to effectively respond to normal insulin.

Diabetes is a heterogeneous disease and is found in two forms: the first type of diabetes or insulin depends on the second type or insulin dependence. In the first type of diabetes, also known as youthful diabetes, the pancreas produces a small amount of insulin or does not produce it.

This type of diabetes develops suddenly and is often found in people under 30 years old;The average age of its development is from 12 to 14 years old.However, the first type of diabetes is only about 5 percent of all cases of diabetes.The second type of diabetes, also known as adult diabetes, is much more common.In this type of diabetes, the production of insulin pancreas only decreases slightly, but cells cannot effectively respond to insulin, so this disease is considered insulin resistance.The second type of diabetes usually starts a degree and affects people over 40 years old and especially the full person, one of the risk factors is the age of over 50 years old.Occasionally in adults, diabetes of the first type can be observed.

The main causes of the development of diabetes are: genetic tendencies, pancreatic disease, overeating (reading - overloading with a pancreas, liver and gastrointestinal tract), using too many simple carbohydrates (sugar, sweets, jam, cakes, chocolate and more), fat of animals.In some cases, diabetes may occur due to mental trauma, poisoning or poisoning (including drugs).

With both types of diabetes, hyperglycemia leads to the release of glucose into urine, accompanied by an increase in urine production.If a patient with diabetes is first prescribed insulin, the excessive zooming of fatty acids from fat tissue will lead to excessive production of ketone body in the liver.The accumulation of ketone bodies can cause life called Ketoacitosis diabetes.Diabetes Ketoacitosis can sometimes be found in patients with the second type of diabetes during the time when the body has strong stress, for example, in a serious infectious disease.

People with diabetes of the second type are prone to other diseases -threaten to other life, called a state that does not reduce strength, characterized by extremely high blood sugar.This disease is often found in the elderly with any other serious illness.A attack of diabetes ketoacitosis or hyperosmotic status may be the first sign of diabetes.

People with diabetes may also have low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) if they use too much insulin during treatment.

After 10-20 years of diabetes, patients may have complications, for example, visual impairment, kidney damage and degenerative peripheral nervous system (neurological disease).Strictly controlling the blood glucose content in the blood can be detained or prevents the appearance of these complications.The loss of contact in the legs can lead to the fact that the damage will not be noticed and the infection will occur.

Symptom

What signs can be said that you have diabetes, or indicate that there is a risk?

• Urinate too and often (about every hour).Awakening at night to urinate.The body, to remove excess sugar, emit it through the kidneys in the urine.
• Strong thirst or increase the need to drink more liquid.It is caused by the fact that the level of glucose increases in the blood, which takes liquids from tissues and tissues.Therefore, the patient is forced to drink a lot: 2-3-5 liters per day or more.
• Itchy skin and genitals.
• Dry mouth.
• Healing poor wounds.
• At first, a large weight, then reduced it due to violations of food absorption, especially carbohydrates.
• Reducing immunity - infections often from banal flu and colds to pneumonia.
• Sometimes this disease is gone before the strange conditions of Muslims: As a result of short -term starvation or after intensive physical activity, headache, pale, praising sweat and weak in general.As soon as a person ate, he drank at least one cup of sweet tea, all the symptoms quickly passed.Indirectly, this may indicate the incidents of the pancreas: insulin penetrates more blood than usual and the sugar level decreases below the allowable level of 3-3.5 units.
• Increase appetite.
• Losing weight is not limited.
• Poor vision.
• Fatigue and weakness.
• Infections often or continuously of the bladder, skin or gums.
• Paralysis and tingling in the legs and arms.
• Signs of hypoglycemia.
• The powerful symptoms of a state are not hyperosmotic: extraordinary, indifferent, weak, confusing, coma.
• The strong symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis: nausea and vomiting, shortness of breath, confusion, coma.

The described symptoms are observed in 40-90% of patients with diabetes for a long time before the diagnosis is done.But there are also symptoms that are not Muslims, the appearance leads to increased blood sugar:

The skin gradually becomes dry, wrinkled, the palms and the rude, peeled, thick and crispy nails, on the developing and disappearing limbs, on the skin, due to reduced immunity, pimples, boiling, carbunels, regenerating, appearing when needing blood sugar.Usually, the skin is affected by fungi, eczema, and lichen.

1. The appearance and progress of vascular disorders - the development of atherosclerosis, hypertension, angina, reduced memory (the vessels of the brain are affected);
2. Diabetes changes in bloody basis (retinopathy), reduced vision;
3. Reduce renal function (kidney disease, pyelonephritis);
4. Diabetes feet (feet in cold burns and crushing in warmth - violating blood supply in the lower limbs);
5. Sometimes characters (mental disorders) change;
6. One of the signs of diabetes is the lesions of the gums - periodontitis, bleeding, gum blue and teeth began to disturb, sometimes making their legal places not painful.
7. Diabetes affect the glands of internal excretion.Men lose interest in women, they are reduced not only by sexual desire, but also potential.In women, the menstrual cycle is the lost, which occurs when menstruation disappears completely.

That is why diabetes are called hormonal exchanges with pancreatic lesions, characterized by an increase in blood sugar levels and violating all kinds of metabolites in the body.

In diabetes, anti -diabetes, diabetes and diabetes (clear) diabetes are distinguished.The latter is manifested at a light, medium and serious level.

With diabetes, hidden diabetes and mild diabetes, nutrition is the only treatment.And with medium and serious forms - a necessary condition for successful treatment and maintain acceptable quality of life.

In addition, people with diabetes are susceptible to narrowing the coronary arteries and narrowing the blood vessels that provide the brain and legs.The combination of leg infectious diseases and reducing blood supply can lead to corruption (tissue death), requiring amputated.

Treatment of diabetes in the first type requires an insulin injection for one to four days..For diabetes of the second type, the combination of diet, exercise and weight loss, although the drug (including insulin) is often necessary.Treatment largely depends on self -control.Although there is no way to treat diabetes, almost all patients can control symptoms and have a full life.

• The first type diabetes is an autoimmune disease caused by a wrong attack of the immune system into pancreatic cells that produce insulin.
• With the second tin diabetes, genetic factors are very important.
• Excessive fullness makes people tend to develop diabetes in the second type.
• Some drugs, such as corticosteroids or diuretics, can increase the risk of diabetes in the second type.
• Other diseases, such as hemochromatosis, chronic pancreatitis, kushing syndrome or Acromegaly, can lead to diabetes.Pancreatic surgery can also cause diabetes.
• Pregnant women may have diabetes, often disappear after childbirth.These women are at risk of future diabetes in the future.
• Contrary to the current opinion, the use of a large amount of sweetness does not contribute to the development of diabetes.

The general principles of nutrition in diabetes are reduced into simple rules.

The calorie content of the diet should be reduced to 2000-2200 kcal by reducing the consumption of simple carbohydrates: sugar, bread, cream, chocolate, sweets, jam, pasta, rice, honey and similar products.Black bread, beans, vegetables, fruits are complex carbohydrates (except bananas, grapes, watermelon) and their consumption is allowed within normal limits.Seafood is very useful due to good quality protein and minerals purchased in it, especially zinc-parts needed to produce insulin.Beans in the content of zinc, so it is necessary for patients with diabetes and copper is a champion between vegetables.The use of beans reduces thirst, and with the presence of atherosclerosis simultaneously with the violation of the heart rate - restoring the common rhythm!

Should eat 3-4 times a day.Between meals, drink water.It should be limited by daily sodium salt up to 10 g, animals and vegetable fats - to 50 g, as well as reducing the consumption of dairy products with high fat content (cheese, cream, cream, sour cream)

Prevent

• To prevent the development of diabetes in the second type, you have to lose weight if your weight exceeds a 20 percent norm and maintain normal weight.
• Exercise regularly.
• There is no way to prevent diabetes from the first type.
• People with any type of diabetes should often undergo eye examination to detect early and treat blind diabetes.

Diagnose

• Medical history and physical examination can create a basis for the assumption of the presence of the disease.
• The diagnosis may be done if the blood test in the empty stomach shows high glucose concentration (126 mg/dl or higher) at least twice.
• When the results of the tests are unclear, a sample of glucose can be done.Patients drink a drink containing 75 g of glucose, and then the blood sugar content is measured every 30 minutes in two hours.
• Urine analysis can be done to determine the protein content.
• Glycogemoglobin blood measurement;It shows the average content of glucose in the blood in the past two to three months.

For diabetes of the first type:

• Daily insulin injection is necessary.It takes one to four daily injections to control the level of glucose in the blood.There are long and fast acts, and they are often prescribed in a combination.
• A strict diet and meal schedule are necessary to maintain the desired glucose level in the blood.Your doctor may suggest food with low fat, salt and cholesterol and may recommend visiting a nutritionist to plan food.
• Because both physical and insulin exercises reduce glucose levels, the exercises and the introduction of insulin should be designed so that their effects are not applicable and does not cause a decrease in the danger of blood sugar (hypoglycemia).
• A strict schedule of injection, eating and performing exercises is necessary to control the disease properly.

For diabetes of the second type:

• The use of low food and low food combined with the exact performance of the exercises is necessary to control weight.
• Oral drugs can be spelled to increase the production of insulin pancreatic glands, if the exercises and diet do not suffer enough blood sugar.
• Other oral medications can reduce insulin resistance or slow down the absorption of sugar from the intestine.
• Insulin injections may be necessary for strong attacks of the second type of diabetes or if the patient has the second type of diabetes with any other disease.

For both types of diabetes:

• Blood tests are necessary to measure glucose levels, from one to four times a day (depending on the doctor's recommendations).Your doctor will advise you which device can be used at home to measure blood sugar.
• Pay special attention to the development of atherosclerosis, as it is often combined with diabetes.Patients with diabetes should not smoke, should eat low fat, cholesterol and salt and use high blood pressure or high cholesterol.
• People with diabetes should drink large amounts of water when they are sick with another disease, such as the flu, to fill the lost liquid and prevent diabetes coma.During the disease, people with diabetes are first of the first type should check the urine for Keton's body every four to six hours.
• People with diabetes should take care of their feet and check them every day.Damage to the nerves in diabetes reduces the sensitivity of the legs and small lesions that can lead to the development of serious infectious diseases.
• Photocoagulation laser to prevent small blood vessels in the eyes can help prevent or treat diabetes retinopathy.Most patients with diabetes need to check their eyes by an ophthalmologist at least once a year to detect the first manifestations of retinopathy.
• Dialysis, artificial dialysis process, may be necessary for kidney failure.In serious cases, it may be necessary to transplant kidneys,
• Clearly controlling the level of glucose in the blood retains or preventing subsequent complications affecting the eyes, kidneys and nervous systems.
• Kidney damage may slow down when controlling blood pressure.

When you need a doctor

• Contact your doctor if you notice a sudden increase or gradually in the feeling of hunger, thirst or you increase the amount of urine produced.
• Contact your doctor if you have diabetes and at the same time get the disease due to runny nose or flu, which has given blood sugar beyond control.Do not use the drug sold without prescribing without consulting the doctor.
• Attention!Call an ambulance if a patient has a diabetes.Tell the doctor that a person with diabetes.
• Attention!.They include serious thirst, indifference, weakness and confusion.
• Attention!(In the first type of diabetes.) Immediately, call an ambulance if you have symptoms of diabetes ketoacitosis;They include dry mouth, dry and red skin, sweet or aromatic of the smell from the mouth, shortness of breath, vomiting and abdominal pain combined with excessive urination and serious thirst (or without).
• Attention!.